The caption for the same photo in [9] reads "Benjamin D. Wood, center left, and staff members of the Columbia University Statistical Bureau in the early 1930s operating IBM machines donated by Thomas J. Watson Sr." You can see some non-IBM desktop calculators (probably National or Burroughs) at lower left and middle right. A 285 tabulator is at left center. In the extreme lower right is a non-electric IBM Type 001 key punch.

The Statistical Bureau began after Columbia University Statistics Professor Benjamin D. Wood wrote to Watson in 1928 describing his ideas for an automatic test-scoring machine. In their first meeting, Wood also discussed his futuristic ideas for electronic data processing in education; Watson liked the cut of Wood's jib and ordered three truckloads of tabulating, card-punching, sorting, and accessory equipment dispatched to the space Wood had procured in the basement of Hamilton Hall. The Statistical Bureau opened for business in June 1929.

This lab served many of Columbia's researchers, most notably Astronomy professor Wallace Eckert (until Eckert opened his own lab), who later remarked [105]:

I remember going there soon after it was set up and watching the machines. For an astronomer who had been doing computations the hard way it was a great experience to see an accounting machine adding quantities in different counters at the rate of 150 a minute and printing the results, and sorting going on at a rate of about 20,000 cards an hour.

Unfortunately, records of the Statistical Laboratory have vanished, so we don't know what other work was done there. I would be surprised, however, if the pioneering work of Franz Boas in debunking racial myths through massive collections of numerical data did not rely on Wood's machines for data reduction and analysis. Brennan [9] says the Bureau also served external clients: the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations, publishers, economists, and other universities including Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Ohio State, and the University of California.

As powerful as the Bureau's machines were for their day, they were not well suited for the higher-level statistics that Wood needed. In 1930 he convinced Watson to have IBM build a "supertabulator" capable of the "difficult mathematical processes necessary for the analysis of educational and psychological tests" [103] (for example subtraction, and some additional counters [59]). Prior to this, users could accomplish subtraction only by entering numbers in 9's complement notation and adding. For example, if counters had ten digits then:

1432 - 759 = 0000001432 + 9999999240 = 10000000672

(the 1 carried out of the high-order position is added back to the result, giving the proper result, 673). The result was a unique device called the Difference Tabulator and informally known as the Columbia Machine.

Later Wood would work with IBM yet again to develop the world's first automated test-scoring machine, the IBM 805, announced in 1937.

Here's another photo of the Statistical Bureau from the 1935 Baehne book [91]:

Equipment includes an intepreter (left foreground); key punches (center and right). The large object with its back to us, right center, is an IBM 285 tabulator. Another 285 appears in the left middle ground with the roll paper.